The American Protective League, founded on this day in 1917, was a volunteer organization of U.S. citizens that collaborated with the government to identify, raid, and spy on anarchist, anti-war, and other left-wing organizations.

Emilio Aguinaldo, born on this day in 1869, was a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader who became the first President of the Philippines (1899 - 1901), and the first president of an Asian constitutional republic.